Burrell: 'I wanted to continue my rugby career'
Important note: This article includes details of racially offensive language and conduct
Ex-England centre Luther Burrell claims that speaking out to reveal racial discrimination in professional rugby brought his career to an early end.
In a June 2022, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the game, displaying Whatsapp messages and remembering training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
Then 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only professional rugby since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I've have absolutely had to retire because of what happened," he explained to reporters.
"I wanted to continue competing, naturally I did. I pursued that, and it collapsed when word emerged that there were inquiries underway.
"This situation was difficult - I had to simply come to terms with the outcome and understand that this whole process is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization report in 2023 found Burrell's claims were true "likely correct", but said it could not collect enough evidence to definitively say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's Six Nations games in 2014 and 2015, but was controversially excluded for their team for the 2015 tournament
Burrell revealed to journalists he also faced prejudice within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him earn 15 caps after his debut in 2014.
"I've had multiple traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Some discrimination and other just outdated thinking that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become accepted in dressing rooms, in Burrell's experience.
"This is something that has been disguised as banter and that's been the issue that I've myself suffered and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a extended period you just learn to believe that it's the standard and that is acceptable and that it's not malicious, but that's incorrect."
Burrell says he was eventually spurred to speak out after a team-mate at Newcastle called him as a "enslaved person" and instructed him to put sun cream on his arms and legs "where your shackles were."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the environment within the elite game and to the implementation of an strategy for the professional game."
"The organization has given considerable attention on diversity and diversity in rugby union and a great deal of work completed both before and since Luther Burrell spoke publicly and shared his experiences of racism and class discrimination," it continued.
"We are continuing work with clubs and stakeholders in the professional game to work for a environment of inclusivity but acknowledge this takes time and is an continuous effort."
Every Premiership and women's rugby club now has face-to-face training on creating welcoming cultures, with its success tracked via individual reports and surveys.
All England players, including youth squads, are trained in being "engaged observers" to intervene and defend others from harmful behaviour.
"You should be so pleased of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the documentary Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"I know it has had this impact on you and ended your playing days, but in our eyes, you have achieved so well. We are so proud of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's father Geoff passed away shortly after the production of the film, and his sister died earlier this year.
Burrell, who was raised on a council estate in Huddersfield, maintains his work to make the game more open.
His charitable organization aims to connect with children in disadvantaged communities and help them succeed both on the pitch with complimentary sports training, mentoring and nutrition education.
"My intentions are pure, I want to see the progress of the sport and if nobody else is willing to tell their story then I'll continue to fight that fight because I'm not just doing this for myself," he said.
"We have an obligation to make the sport as great as it can be and the more I speak about it hopefully the more comfortable fellow players will become about discussing their own stories as well.
"I grab the bull by the horns and keep bearing this banner and keep carrying this weight and do what I can to create opportunities and make the sport more appealing and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of disadvantaged children and a lot of economic hardship and I honestly think that rugby has the potential to transform their futures, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in late 2022